Today, Palestinians fight to resist the Israeli occupation and repression. After Israel refused to negotiate a two-state settlement after the initial uprising of Palestinian’s in 1987, Palestinians used armed resistance against Israel’s occupying military forces. Since the Palestinians are in a militarily weaker position, they have no chance in defeating the Israeli armed forces. Therefor, they use alternative resistance such as negotiating political compromises and nonviolent resistance such as protests and demonstrations. To better understand the importance of resistance movements today, such as the Palestinian’s, an examination of circumstances in which past resistance movements formed is important. More specifically, there is a direct connection between the Palestinian resistance today and the Jewish people’s resistance under the Nazi rule.
Adolf Hitler; the man who established Nazi Germany. Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are names for the period in history during 1933 to 1945, when Germany was under the control of Hitler and his Nazi regime by dictatorship. World War II is still well known for Hitler’s extreme anti-Semitism movements that sought out to eliminate an entire ethnic group, Jews, political opponents, and other “undesirable” people like the disabled. By imprisoning and killing these groups, Hitler believed he could establish a superior race. Although Hitler was on the rise, other people of the world resisted and fought Nazi totalitarian regime of Germany. Underground workers, allied countries, and movements by civilians all were working forces to create a Nazi resistance and sabotage Hitler’s Nazi Germany. They sabotaged in the forms of literature, propaganda, revolts, and by helping Jews escape.
There were many underground workers in the form of literature. These works of literature were plays, books, articles, or newspapers. In the United States, a famous anti-Nazi play was called, “Day is darkness”, and was written by George Fess. It was put on in 1939 sponsored by the Federal Theatre Project. This is one way the United States used writing to evoke anger against the Nazi’s through a form of literature. In France, writers created the Clandestine Press. It made anti-Nazi publications and circulated them at great risk. A surrealist poet, Elsa Triolet, wrote of the, “Underground workers and Allied soldiers hidden by patriots, the saboteurs who detailed trains and shot Germans “with no more hatred than a surgeon,” of the wives and fiancées of these men who have to live their lives with anouter sense of calm.” [1].
Another greatly known surrealist leader and poet, Paul Eluard, wrote a good amount of the Clandestine papers and edited a book of poems about concentration camps in France, Greece, Czechoslovokia, Holand, Bulgaria, and Norway [2]. These writings all had
a powerful effect on spreading resistance throughout Europe. Although he was later executed by Germans, his colleagues carried on his writings and continued to spread resistance. “The clandestine authors wrote hard, factual articles. They told movingly simple anecdotes. They wrote passionate poems singing out the cold fury of their hatred to the Nazi, vowing vengeance for the dead martyrs, the despoiled villages.”[3]. Business men funded their writings, while the public of France read. Cyclists, butcher boys, bakers, and teachers would distribute copies, while thousands of more copies were sent through the mails. Many other countries continued Nazi resistance by spreading awareness through literature in their own country to open the public’s eye.
“For a few brief years, the Soviet Union, the United States, and the United Kingdom were on the same side, fighting to defeat Nazi Germany.” [4]. These countries used propaganda directed toward an anti-Nazi message. New posters were created almost every day. “Images in the posters are repeated, including Nazis with grabbing claws instead of hands; Nazis as skeletons; Hitler attacked by the Soviets, Americans and British; and heroic Soviet soldiers and citizens.” [5]. These posters mobilized the countries citizens, using artists and writers work, in the war effort and resistance. Nazi resistance in the form of literature and propaganda continued to spread awareness throughout each country opening the publics eye to the horrifying truths of the Nazi Germany.
“It is a myth that the Jews gave in to slaughter without protest or fight.” [6]. Many fought hard for their lives, and for the resistance. “There were Jews in the resistance movements from France to the USSR, from Denmark to Yugoslavia… There were also separate Jewish resistance and partisan groups.” [7]. One way Jews fought back was by revolting. For example, the Warsaw ghetto uprising occurred April 19th and May 16th in 1943. It was an energetic revolt launched by 60,000 of the Jews that were left in the ghetto. They fought with minimal weapons against the machine guns, tanks, and planes. Although the Polish resistance to anti-Nazi’s aided the Warsaw ghetto, it was too little and too late. Ghettos such as Czestochowa, Vilno, Bialystok, Minsk, Lachwa, and many more revolted using different tactics. The Jews fought back by revolting in extermination camps as well. There are five well known extermination camp revolts, including at Treblinka and Auschwitz [8]. Underground railroads were made by the Jews to rescue others from concentration camps and take them to Palestine. Along with the revolts and underground railroads, Jews also assigned women to date Germans to pry information from them [9]. Many people in the Jewish community contributed to the Nazi resistance, but unfortunately their efforts were not enough. “Inventiveness to outsmart the Nazis and death was almost limitless, but unfortunately could not be applied on a large scale.” [10].
Many people worked to form a resistance against Hitler’s Nazism. Although the forms of sabotage, like literature, propaganda, revolts, and helping other Jews, did not make a difference to directly stop Hitler, they indirectly worked by spreading awareness throughout individual countries. They also worked to save other Jews. Ultimately, Nazi resistance was successful.
Many Jewish resisters who survived the camps and Hitler’s rule, fled to Palestine. By 1948, these European Jews created the Israeli state who displaced Arabs and occupied their lands. This is how the Palestinian resistance correlates to the Jewish resistance. The Jews, a population that was so oppressed under Nazi rule, repeated the same actions of oppression imposed on them onto the population of Palestinian’s, who had no role in the repression of Jews to begin with. The victims, the Jewish resisters, became the killers.
Footnotes:
[1] Edna Woodman, “People and Ideas: The Clandestine Press: Hidden, potent, anti-Nazi publications, printed and circulated at great risk by courageous men and women, old and young, editors, and typesetters… Underground heroes of Resistant France.”, (Vogue, April 1, 1945), http://search.proquest.com/docview/879231091/fulltext?accountid=14902.
[2] Edna Woodman, “People and Ideas: The Clandestine Press: Hidden, potent, anti-Nazi publications, printed and circulated at great risk by courageous men and women, old and young, editors, and typesetters… Underground heroes of Resistant France.”, (Vogue, April 1, 1945), http://search.proquest.com/docview/879231091/fulltext?accountid=14902.
[3] Edna Woodman, “People and Ideas: The Clandestine Press: Hidden, potent, anti-Nazi publications, printed and circulated at great risk by courageous men and women, old and young, editors, and typesetters… Underground heroes of Resistant France.”, (Vogue, April 1, 1945), http://search.proquest.com/docview/879231091/fulltext?accountid=14902.
[4] “Anti-Nazi Propaganda, Soviet Style,” Chicago Jewish Star 21, 503 (August 12, 2011):
[5] “Anti-Nazi Propaganda, Soviet Style,” Chicago Jewish Star 21, 503 (August 12, 2011):
[6] Vera Laska, Women in the Resistance and in the Holocaust: The Voices of Eyewitnesses (Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1983), page 10
[7] Vera Laska, Women in the Resistance and in the Holocaust: The Voices of Eyewitnesses (Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1983), page 9
[8] Vera Laska, Women in the Resistance and in the Holocaust: The Voices of Eyewitnesses (Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1983), page 10
[9] Vera Laska, Women in the Resistance and in the Holocaust: The Voices of Eyewitnesses (Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1983), page 8
[10] Vera Laska, Women in the Resistance and in the Holocaust: The Voices of Eyewitnesses (Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1983), page 10
Bibliography
Secondary:
Anonymous. “Anti-Nazi Propaganda, Soviet Style.” Chicago Jewish Star 21, 503 (August 12, 2011):
Gewirtz, Sharon. “Anglo-Jewish Responses to Nazi Germany 1933-39: The Anti-Nazi Boycott and the Board of Deputies of British Jews.” Journal of Contemporary History 26, 2. Sage Publications, Ltd.:
255-76. http://www.jstor.org/stable/260791.
Laska, Vera. Women in the Resistance and in the Holocaust: The Voices of Eyewitnesses. Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1983.
Sheramy, Rona. “There are Times When Silence is a Sin: The Women’s Division of the American Jewish Congress and the Anti-Nazi Boycott Movement.” American Jewish History Vol. 89, Number 1 (March 2011):105-121.https://muse.jhu.edu/journals/american_jewish_history/v089/89.1sheramy.pdf.
Stoppelman, Joseph and Jong, L.. “Reviewed Work: The Lion Rampant: The Story of Holland’s Resistance to the Nazis.” Books Abroad Vol. 19, No. 1 (Winter, 1945):
36-37. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40084956.
Suhl, Yuri. They Fought Back: The Story of the Jewish Resistance in Nazi Europe. New York: Crown Publishers, Inc., 1967.
Whiting, Charles. Hitler’s Werewolves: The Story of the Nazi Resistance Movement 1944-1945. New York: Stein and Day, 1972.
Primary:
The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. Sage Publications, Inc Vol. 245, 144-148, May, 1946. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1024814.
Woolman Chase, Edna. “People and Ideas: The Clandestine Press: Hidden, potent, anti-Nazi publications, printed and circulated at great risk by courageous men and women, old and young, editors, and typesetters… Underground heroes of Resistant France.” New York: Vogue 105, no.7, April 1,
1945. http://search.proquest.com/docview/879231091/fulltext?accountid=14902.
Illustrations:
Figure 1. The Federal Theatre Project presents “Day is darkness” in 3 acts The famous anti-Nazi play by George Fess : Directed by Adolph Freeman,
1939, http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/98516933/.
Figure 2. People and Ideas: The Clandestine Press: Hidden, potent, anti-Nazi publications, printed and circulated at great risk by courageous men and women, old and young, writers, editors, and typesetters… Underground heroes of Resistant France,
1945, http://search.proquest.com/docview/879231091?accountid=14902.
Figure 3. Fight German animals! We can and must destroy Hitler’s arm,
1941,http://www.allworldwars.com/Russian%20WWII%20Propaganda%20Posters.html.
Hi Natalie,
Your topic is historic in nature and will be global so long as you are careful not to focus too heavily on the United States. Your questions are also fairly specific (though you might want to specify exactly what convention you are referring to for your audience.) You will likely want to narrow down your time frame or which countries you examine (you only have about 6 pages for this paper, trying to write about all of Europe from 1910-1980 in that little space would be difficult). So as you move forward, think about ways to focus down even further.
I’m relatively unfamiliar with your topic and so I can’t easily recommend any sources which deal with your topic specifically (if you struggle to find sources you may need to adjust your topic) but I might suggest looking at something like Quirk, Joel. The Anti-slavery Project : From the Slave Trade to Human Trafficking. Pennsylvania Studies in Human Rights. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011. http://searchit.libraries.wsu.edu/WSU:WSU_everything:CP71123355560001451
Hi Natalie,
I’m glad to see you have a revised question and a secondary bibliography with the right number and type of sources.
As you move forward, think about how you will be judging the “effective” part of your research question (your sources might help establish this criteria, which is something to consider as you move forward with the annotated bibliography and think about how each of your sources might be useful.)
Also be sure to reference the sample bibliography to insure that your citations are in correct Chicago formatting.
Natalie,
Your annotations are successful in that they reveal the nature of your sources and how you might use them. That said, some of these don’t appear to be terribly historical – the last three in the list in particular. They may very well be, but your annotations do not indicate (nor do the titles) how. So be careful not to fall into the trap of writing about human trafficking in the present rather than the past. Moreover, Europe is a vast, complex place over the course of the 20th century, so you might look for angles to pursue that will allow you to narrow this down every further. Without a clearer temporal or geographic focus, it’s going to be difficult to offer a coherent and effective body of historical evidence in support of an argument (and it will be more difficult to make a clear argument as well).
Hi Natalie,
Your thesis is good, fleshing out both “what” you want to argue, as well as “how” you intend to argue it based on your evidence.
Your outline also lays out a clear structure that relates your main and subpoints and follows your thesis well. It is, however, a little bare bones and could have used a further fleshing out to reveal more of what/how you plan to argue for each point (see the sample outline for an example).
What you have here is good, but remember, there is still a lot of work to be done before the first draft.
Natalie,
This is a good first draft, but I think it could be even more effective. Your historical argument is that despite the common perception that the Nazis faced little resistance in their occupation of Europe and attempt to exterminate Jews in those occupied territories, the power of ideas, communication, and resistance contributed significantly to the weakening of the Nazi state. Without internal resistance, an Allied assault would not have been as effective or many even forthcoming at all. Great. How can you revise this to broaden not the analysis but the implications for other resistance movements? I think that in the opening paragraph, you could introduce the topic by describing how Palestinians resist the Israeli occupation (from a militarily weaker position) today. This would allow you to say how an examination of the circumstances of past resistance movements can help us better understand the importance of resistance today. It also helps that there is a direct connection between the Palestinian resistance today and that of the Jews under Nazi rule. Many Jewish resisters that did not die in the camps fled to Palestine, where by 1948, European Jews created the Israeli state – displacing Arabs and occupying Arab lands. Mahmoud Mamdani has written a book called When Victims Become Killers. It’s about the Rwandan Genocide, but he also discusses how it is possible for a population so oppressed (as the Jews were under Nazi rule) could then repeat some of the same actions as their oppressors upon another population that had no role in the repression of Jews to begin with.
What do you think? I think this could really strengthen the significance of your argument, and would only require that you revise the introduction and conclusion.